Abstract
Currently, there is a steady tendency in the global automotive industry to use electric propulsion instead of internal combustion engines (ICE) or in hybrid systems that combine electric and internal combustion engines in various proportions of participation in torque generation. The analysis of power structures applied in the most developed traction systems for electric and hybrid vehicles (electric car, hybrids with serial, parallel and series-parallel power plants) has been performed. The paper assesses the considered system operational capabilities depending on the electrification degree of hybrid vehicles and their impact on the environment. A wide range of publications in the field of starter generators development and traction electric motors for hybrid cars, from micro-hybrids to full hybrids, as well as electric cars themselves, are considered. It follows from them that asynchronous motors with short-circuit rotor and synchronous machines with electromagnetic excitation traditionally prevail in developments brought to practical application. Permanent magnet valve machine, contactless machine, permanent magnet synchronous machine, self-excitation valve inductor machine and independent excitation synchronous reactor machine are considered to be the most promising. As the main modules of the power automobile electronics are considered in electric cars only SVI, in hybrid ones - the СVR-SVI system, made by a three-phase bridge circuit. The main characteristics of traditional lead-acid batteries and modern lithium-ion batteries, which are considered the most promising, are compared. It is noted that limited lithium reserves require the search for new directions in the sphere of effective energy accumulators development. Possibility and problems of using capacitive energy storage devices, including supercapacitors, as the most perspective energy storage devices are considered. It is also noted the expediency of further development of the application concept for on-board electric generating fuel cells using hydrogen-containing fuel in electric cars. To assess the situation in Russia, indicators describing the scale of the tasks for electric transport development in the country for the period of 2020-2031 are given. They are given in the Economic Development Ministry documents of the Russian Federation and are reflected in this article. In general, it is reasonable to link the concept of electric vehicle development today with hydrogen technologies.
Keywords
Environmental friendliness, power circuits, automotive electric, hybrid vehicles, electric drive, internal combustion engine, electric motors, generators, power electronics, inverters, rectifiers, energy storage, batteries, capacitors, fuel cells, development concept.
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