Abstract
The increasing penetration of inverter-based resources (IBRs) in distributed power systems is accompanied by a reduction in the total system inertia, creating a need for IBRs to emulate the synchronous generator dynamic properties. The existing approaches to tuning IBR control systems operating in virtual synchronous generator (VSG) mode do not establish explicit analytical relationships between virtual-inertia parameters, droop coefficients and standardized power-quality indices. Consequently, iterative methods must be used during the design and initial commissioning of IBR control systems. This paper proposes an analytical method for the parametric synthesis of the VSG operating mode, demonstrated using a 350 kW, 690 V, 50 Hz battery energy storage system (BESS). The method requires only three standardized indices as input data: the permissible per-unit angular-frequency deviation; the maximum permissible rate of frequency change, (RoCoF); and the permissible per-unit voltage deviation. Based on the swing equation expressed in per-unit power form, analytical expressions are derived for the frequency droop coefficient, virtual moment of inertia, washout-filter time constant and reactive-power–voltage (Q-U) droop coefficient. Each expression relates a VSG parameter to a physically interpretable standardized power-quality index. It is shown that the inertia constant is uniquely determined by the permissible RoCoF and the nominal frequency and is independent of the rated power of the grid-connected converter. This enables the VSG parameters to be scaled without retuning. The proposed method establishes a direct relationship between standardized power-quality indices and VSG operating parameters and is applicable to IBRs operating to form and/or support the frequency and voltage at the point of connection.
Keywords
virtual synchronous generator (VSG), energy storage system (ESS), inertia constant, rate of frequency change, droop controller, washout filter, grid-forming, frequency and voltage droop
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