<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" dtd-version="1.4" article-type="research-article">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="issn">2311-8318</journal-id>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="eissn">2658-3151</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="ru">Электротехнические системы и комплексы</journal-title>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Electrotechnical Systems and Complexes</journal-title>
      </journal-title-group>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name>Магнитогорский государственный технический университет им. Г.И. Носова</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18503/2311-8318-2026-2(71)-15-25</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="edn">KLPDHG</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="uri">https://esik.magtu.ru/ru/arkhiv/vse-nomera/104-2-71-iyun-2026-g/974-15.html</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>ТЕОРИЯ И ПРАКТИКА АВТОМАТИЗИРОВАННОГО ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДА</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group>
          <subject>THEORY AND PRACTICE OF AUTOMATED ELECTRIC DRIVE</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="ru">СРАВНИТЕЛЬНЫЙ АНАЛИЗ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ПОКАЗАТЕЛЕЙ КОМПЛЕКСА ЭЛЕКТРОПРИВОДОВ КРАНА-ШТАБЕЛЕРА ПРИ РАЗЛИЧНЫХ ТОПОЛОГИЯХ СИЛОВОЙ ЧАСТИ</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="en">
          <trans-title>COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ENERGY PERFORMANCE OF STACKER CRANE ELECTRIC DRIVE COMPLEX WITH VARIOUS POWER CONVERTERS</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Накатаев</surname>
            <given-names>Антон Андреевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Накатаев</surname>
              <given-names>Антон Андреевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Nakataev</surname>
              <given-names>Anton A.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>aan050898@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Зюзев</surname>
            <given-names>Анатолий Михайлович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Зюзев</surname>
              <given-names>Анатолий Михайлович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Zyuzev</surname>
              <given-names>Anatoly M.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>a.m.zyuzev@urfu.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Мудров</surname>
            <given-names>Михаил Валентинович</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Мудров</surname>
              <given-names>Михаил Валентинович</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Mudrov</surname>
              <given-names>Mikhail V.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>m.v.mudrov@urfu.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <name name-style="eastern">
            <surname>Нестеров</surname>
            <given-names>Константин Евгеньевич</given-names>
          </name>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name name-style="eastern" xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Нестеров</surname>
              <given-names>Константин Евгеньевич</given-names>
            </name>
            <name name-style="western" xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Nesterov</surname>
              <given-names>Konstantin E.</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <email>k.e.nesterov@urfu.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1"/>
        </contrib>
        <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="ru">Уральский федеральный университет имени первого Президента России Б. Н. Ельцина (Екатеринбург, Россия)</institution>
          </aff>
          <aff>
            <institution xml:lang="en">Ural Federal University named after the First President of Russia B.N. Yeltsin (Yekaterinburg, Russia)</institution>
          </aff>
        </aff-alternatives>
      </contrib-group>
      <pub-date pub-type="epub" iso-8601-date="2026-06-30">
        <day>30</day>
        <month>06</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <pub-date date-type="collection">
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>2(71)</issue>
      <fpage>15</fpage>
      <lpage>25</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-04-15">
          <day>15</day>
          <month>04</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-05-29">
          <day>29</day>
          <month>05</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement>Nakataev A.A., Zyuzev A.M., Mudrov M.V., Nesterov K.E. 2026 Content is available under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Накатаев А.А., Зюзев А.М., Мудров М.В., Нестеров К.Е.</copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Nakataev A.A., Zyuzev A.M., Mudrov M.V., Nesterov K.E.</copyright-holder>
        <license xlink:href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">
          <license-p>CC BY 4.0</license-p>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:type="simple" xlink:href="https://esik.magtu.ru/ru/arkhiv/vse-nomera/104-2-71-iyun-2026-g/974-15.html">https://esik.magtu.ru/ru/arkhiv/vse-nomera/104-2-71-iyun-2026-g/974-15.html</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>В данной работе рассмотрена задача анализа энергетических процессов автоматизированных складских комплексов на базе кранов-штабелеров, электроприводы которых работают в режиме регулярной рекуперации энергии с целью оценки потенциала снижения пиковой мощности и баланса энергопотребления за рабочий цикл. Проведен сравнительный анализ топологий силовой части электроприводов: с рассеиванием энергии на тормозных резисторах, с общим звеном постоянного тока и с активным выпрямителем (AFE), с учетом существующих нормативных ограничений в РФ, не предусматривающих компенсацию рекуперированной энергии при её передаче во внешнюю сеть. Предложен формализованный подход к описанию энергетических процессов, основанный на разложении мощности приводов на двигательную и генераторную составляющие, установлении правил суммирования для трёх топологий силовой части и введении коэффициента внутреннего энергообмена ηобм, характеризующего долю генерируемой энергии, распределенной между приводами через общее звено постоянного тока. Выполнено параметрическое исследование (24000 расчётных точек) зависимости ηобм от координат ячейки стеллажа, массы груза и типа рабочего цикла. Результаты верифицированы сопоставлением с полной моделью в среде MATLAB/Simulink. Установлено, что для всех исследованных режимов ηобм&lt;0,53 (среднее 0,18): около половины генерируемой энергии рассеивается на тормозном резисторе. Энергетические карты ηобм(x, z) для циклов размещения и снятия груза имеют качественно различную структуру. Показаны два физических режима энергообмена – обмен на этапе перемещения к ячейке и обмен на этапе возврата. Показано, что в условиях действующего в РФ законодательства возврат избыточной энергии в сеть через активный выпрямитель не компенсируется промышленному потребителю, что обосновывает переход к топологиям с общим звеном постоянного тока группы агрегатов без активного выпрямителя.</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>The paper is concerned with the energy analysis of automated warehouse complexes based on stacker cranes whose electric drives operate in regular energy recovery mode. This analysis aims to assess the potential for peak power reduction and the balance of energy consumption over the work cycle. A comparative analysis of the electric drive power section topologies is conducted: with energy dissipation on braking resistors, with a common DC link, and with an active front end (AFE), taking into account existing regulatory restrictions in the Russian Federation, which do not provide for compensation for recovered energy when transmitting it to the external grid. A formalized approach to describing energy processes is proposed based on the decomposition of drive power into motor and generator components, the establishment of summation rules for three power section topologies and the introduction of the internal energy exchange coefficient ηexchange, which characterizes the generated energy share distributed among the drives via a common DC link. A parametric study (24,000 computational points) of the dependence of ηexchange on the rack cell coordinates, load mass and duty cycle type was performed. The results were verified by comparison with the full model in the MATLAB/Simulink environment. It was found that for all studied modes, ηexchange&lt; 0.53 (average 0.18): approximately half of the generated energy is dissipated in the braking resistor. The energy maps ηexchange(x,z) for the load placement and removal cycles have a qualitatively different structure. Two physical modes of energy exchange are demonstrated: exchange during the movement to the cell stage and exchange during the return stage. It is shown that, under the current legislation in the Russian Federation, the return of excess energy to the grid through an active rectifier is not compensated to the industrial consumer, which justifies the transition to topologies with a common DC link of a group of units without an active rectifier.</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <title>Ключевые слова</title>
        <kwd>кран-штабелер</kwd>
        <kwd>автоматизированный склад</kwd>
        <kwd>топология силовой части</kwd>
        <kwd>преобразователь частоты</kwd>
        <kwd>неуправляемый выпрямитель</kwd>
        <kwd>активный выпрямитель</kwd>
        <kwd>общее звено постоянного тока</kwd>
        <kwd>рекуперация энергии</kwd>
        <kwd>генераторный режим</kwd>
        <kwd>тормозной резистор</kwd>
        <kwd>пиковая мощность</kwd>
        <kwd>компьютерное моделирование</kwd>
        <kwd>MATLAB/Simulink</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <title>Keywords</title>
        <kwd>stacker crane</kwd>
        <kwd>automated warehouse</kwd>
        <kwd>power section topology</kwd>
        <kwd>frequency converter</kwd>
        <kwd>uncontrolled rectifier</kwd>
        <kwd>active rectifier</kwd>
        <kwd>common DC link</kwd>
        <kwd>energy recovery</kwd>
        <kwd>generator mode</kwd>
        <kwd>braking resistor</kwd>
        <kwd>peak power</kwd>
        <kwd>computer simulation</kwd>
        <kwd>MATLAB/Simulink</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body/>
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="ref1">
        <label>1</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Ries J.M., Grosse E.H., Fichtinger J. Environmental impact of warehousing: a scenario analysis for the United States // International Journal of Production Research. 2017. Vol. 55 (21). Pp. 6485-6499. doi: 10.1080/00207543.2016.1211342</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref2">
        <label>2</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rizqi Z.U., Chou S.-Y. Dynamic crane scheduling for green automated warehousing: learning-based simulation-optimization approach // Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal. 2025. doi: 10.1007/s10696-025-09626-5</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref3">
        <label>3</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lerher T., Edl M., Rosi B. Energy efficiency model for the mini-load automated storage and retrieval systems // The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2014. Vol. 70. Pp. 97–115. doi: 10.1007/s00170-013-5253-x.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref4">
        <label>4</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rucker A., Rief J., Fottner J. An investigation of mean energy demand, performance and reference cycles for stacker cranes // FME Transaction. 2020. Vol. 48. Pp. 307-312. doi: 10.5937/fme2002307R</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref5">
        <label>5</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Meneghetti A., Monti L. Sustainable storage assignment and dwell-point policies for automated storage and retrieval systems. // Production Planning &amp; Control. 2013. Vol. 24(6). Pp. 511-520. doi: 10.1080/09537287.2011.637525</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref6">
        <label>6</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A permutation-combination heuristics for crane-based automated storage and retrieval systems considering order fulfillment time and energy consumption / H. Zhou, G. Chen, Y. Lu, X. Cheng, H. Xin // Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 2024. Vol. 21(1). Pp. 116-143, doi: 10.3934/mbe.2024006</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref7">
        <label>7</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Джассим Х.М., Мудров М.В., Зюзев А.М. Гибридная система электроснабжения электроприводов крана-штабелера // Электротехнические системы и комплексы. 2024. № 2(63). С. 34-44. doi:10.18503/2311-8318-2024-2(63)-34-44</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref8">
        <label>8</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rucker A., Rief J., Fottner J. Development of a method for the energy efficiency determination of stacker cranes in automated high-bay warehouses // FME Transaction. 2020. Vol. 48(4). Pp. 753-760. doi: 10.5937/fme2004753R</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref9">
        <label>9</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A genetic algorithm approach to optimization of power peaks in an automated warehouse / J.J. Cardenas, A. Garcia, J.L. Romeral, F. Andrade // 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics. IEEE, 2009. Pp. 3297-3302. doi: 10.1109/IECON.2009.5415200</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref10">
        <label>10</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">DC Microgrids–Part II: A Review of Power Architectures, Applications, and Standardization Issues / T. Dragicevic, X. Lu, J.C. Vasquez, J.M. Guerrero // IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2016. Vol. 31(5). Pp. 3528-3549. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2464277.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref11">
        <label>11</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Hybrid Energy Storage System for Regenerative Braking Utilization and Peak Power Decrease in 3 kV DC Railway Electrification System / A. Szeląg, W. Jefimowski, T. Maciolek, A. Nikitenko, M. Wieczorek, M. Lewandowski // Electronics. 2025. Vol. 14(9). 1752. doi: 10.3390/electronics14091752</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref12">
        <label>12</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Voltage oriented control of three-phase PWM rectifier using space vector modulation and input output feedback linearization theory / M. Jamma, M. Barara, M. Akherraz, B.A. Enache // 8th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI). IEEE, 2016. doi: 10.1109/ECAI.2016.7861085</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref13">
        <label>13</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Malinowski M., Kazmierkowski M.P., Trzynadlowski A.M. A comparative study of control techniques for PWM rectifiers in AC adjustable speed drives // IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2003. Vol. 18(6). Pp. 1390-1396. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2003.818871</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref14">
        <label>14</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Rams H., Schoberl M., Schlacher K. Optimal Motion Planning and Energy-Based Control of a Single Mast Stacker Crane // IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2018. Vol. 26(4). Pp. 1449-1457. doi: 10.1109/tcst.2017.2710953</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref15">
        <label>15</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Predictive Decision Models for an Energy Efficient Operation of Stacker Cranes in a High-Bay Warehouse / R. Zollner, K. Handrich, F. Schulze, T. Schmidt // 2024 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2024. Pp. 1634-1644. doi: 10.1109/WSC63780.2024.10838997</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref16">
        <label>16</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Influence of an Electric Drive with Periodic Load on Voltage Quality / A. Ziuzev, A. Nakataev, S. Shelyug, V. Ippolitov // 28th International Workshop on Electric Drives: Improving Reliability of Electric Drives (IWED). IEEE, 2021. doi: 10.1109/IWED52055.2021.9376368</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref17">
        <label>17</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Черных И.В. Моделирование электротехнических устройств в MATLAB. SimPowerSystems и Simulink. Москва: ДМК Пресс, 2023. 290 с.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref18">
        <label>18</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Пустохин П.Ю., Зюзев А.М., Крюков О.В. Совершенствование системы управления сетевыми инверторами в распределенных сетях электроснабжения газокомпрессорных станций // Известия Томского политехнического университета. Инжиниринг георесурсов. 2025. Т. 336. № 6. С. 46-58. doi: 10.18799/24131830/2025/6/4779</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref19">
        <label>19</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">ASRS Stacker Cranes Are Reducing Warehouse Energy Costs, Swisslog Global. URL:https://www.swisslog.com/en-us/case-studies-and-resources/blog/blog-post---three-ways-asrs-stacker-cranes-are-reducing-energy-costs (дата обращения 21.04.2026)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref20">
        <label>20</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Mecalux. AS/RS warehouse: safe loading and full autonomy. URL:https://www.mecalux.com/blog/asrs-warehouse (дата обращения 21.04.2026)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref21">
        <label>21</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Regenerative drives save energy by turning braking energy into electricity | ABB, News. URL: https://new.abb.com/news/detail/4532/regenerative-drives-save-energy-by-turning-braking-energy-into-electricity (дата обращения 21.04.2026)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref22">
        <label>22</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Nakataev A., Ziuzev A., Mudrov M. Optimization of Computational Complexity of Digital Model of Stacker Crane Electric Drive // 2025 International Ural Conference on Electrical Power Engineering (UralCon). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 699-706. doi: 10.1109/UralCon67204.2025.11206592</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref23">
        <label>23</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">A Comparative Study of Energy Storage Systems and Active Front Ends for Networks of Two Electrified RTG Cranes / F. Alasali, A. Luque, R. Mayer, W. Holderbaum // Energies. 2019. Vol. 12(9). 1771. doi: 10.3390/en12091771</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref24">
        <label>24</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ries J.M., Grosse E.H., Fichtinger J. Environmental impact of warehousing: a scenario analysis for the United States. International Journal of Production Research. 2017, vol. 55(21), pp. 6485–6499. doi: 10.1080/00207543.2016.1211342</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref25">
        <label>25</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rizqi Z.U., Chou S.-Y. Dynamic crane scheduling for green automated warehousing: learning‑based simulation‑optimization approach. Flexible Services and Manufacturing Journal. 2025. doi: 10.1007/s10696-025-09626-5</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref26">
        <label>26</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lerher T., Edl M., Rosi B. Energy efficiency model for the mini‑load automated storage and retrieval systems. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology. 2014, vol. 70, pp. 97–115. doi: 10.1007/s00170-013-5253-x</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref27">
        <label>27</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rucker A., Rief J., Fottner J. An investigation of mean energy demand, performance and reference cycles for stacker cranes. FME Transactions. 2020, vol. 48, pp. 307–312. doi: 10.5937/fme2002307R</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref28">
        <label>28</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Meneghetti A., Monti L. Sustainable storage assignment and dwell‑point policies for automated storage and retrieval systems. Production Planning &amp; Control. 2013, vol. 24(6), pp. 511–520. doi: 10.1080/09537287.2011.637525</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref29">
        <label>29</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zhou H., Chen G., Lu Y., Cheng X., Xin H. A permutation‑combination heuristics for crane‑based automated storage and retrieval systems considering order fulfillment time and energy consumption. Mathematical Biosciences and Engineering. 2024. Vol. 21(1). Pp. 116–143. doi: 10.3934/mbe.2024006</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref30">
        <label>30</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jassim H., Mudrov M., Zyuzev A. Hybrid Power Supply System for Stacker Crane Electric Drives. Elektrotekhnicheskie sistemy i kompleksy [Electrotechnical Systems and Complexes], no. 2(63), pp. 34–44. (In Russian). doi: 10.18503/2311-8318-2024-2(63)-34-44</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref31">
        <label>31</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rucker A., Rief J., Fottner J. Development of a method for the energy efficiency determination of stacker cranes in automated high‑bay warehouses. FME Transactions. 2020, vol. 48(4), pp. 753–760. doi: 10.5937/fme2004753R</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref32">
        <label>32</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Cardenas J.J., Garcia A., Romeral J.L., Andrade F. A genetic algorithm approach to optimization of power peaks in an automated warehouse. 35th Annual Conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics. IEEE, 2009. Pp. 3297–3302. doi: 10.1109/IECON.2009.5415200</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref33">
        <label>33</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Dragicevic T., Lu X., Vasquez J.C., Guerrero J.M. DC Microgrids–Part II: A Review of Power Architectures, Applications, and Standardization Issues. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2016, vol. 31(5), pp. 3528–3549. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2015.2464277</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref34">
        <label>34</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Szeląg A., Jefimowski W., Maciolek T., Nikitenko A., Wieczorek M., Lewandowski M. Hybrid Energy Storage System for Regenerative Braking Utilization and Peak Power Decrease in 3 kV DC Railway Electrification System. Electronics. 2025, vol. 14(9), p. 1752. doi: 10.3390/electronics14091752</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref35">
        <label>35</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Jamma M., Barara M., Akherraz M., Enache B.A. Voltage oriented control of three‑phase PWM rectifier using space vector modulation and input output feedback linearization theory. 8th International Conference on Electronics, Computers and Artificial Intelligence (ECAI). IEEE, 2016. doi: 10.1109/ECAI.2016.7861085</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref36">
        <label>36</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Malinowski M., Kazmierkowski M.P., Trzynadlowski A.M. A comparative study of control techniques for PWM rectifiers in AC adjustable speed drives. IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics. 2003, vol. 18(6), pp. 1390–1396. doi: 10.1109/TPEL.2003.818871</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref37">
        <label>37</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Rams H., Schoberl M., Schlacher K. Optimal Motion Planning and Energy‑Based Control of a Single Mast Stacker Crane. IEEE Transactions on Control Systems Technology. 2018, vol. 26(4), pp. 1449–1457. doi: 10.1109/tcst.2017.2710953</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref38">
        <label>38</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Zollner R., Handrich K., Schulze F., Schmidt T. Predictive Decision Models for an Energy Efficient Operation of Stacker Cranes in a High‑Bay Warehouse. 2024 Winter Simulation Conference (WSC). IEEE, 2024. Pp. 1634–1644. doi: 10.1109/WSC63780.2024.10838997</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref39">
        <label>39</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Ziuzev A., Nakataev A., Shelyug S., Ippolitov V. Influence of an Electric Drive with Periodic Load on Voltage Quality. 28th International Workshop on Electric Drives: Improving Reliability of Electric Drives (IWED). IEEE, 2021. doi: 10.1109/IWED52055.2021.9376368</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref40">
        <label>40</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chernykh I.V. Modelirovanie ėlektrotekhnicheskikh ustroĭstv v MATLAB. SimPowerSystems i Simulink [Simulation of Electrical Devices in MATLAB environment. SimPowerSystems and Simulink]. Moscow, DMK Press Publ., 2023. 290 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref41">
        <label>41</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Pustokhin P.Yu., Ziuzev A.M., Kryukov O.V. Improvement of the control system of network inverters in distributed power supply networks of gas compressor stations. Izvestiya Tomskogo politekhnicheskogo universiteta. Inzhiniring georesursov [Bulletin of the Tomsk Polytechnic University. Geo Assets Engineering], vol. 336, no. 6, pp. 46–58. (In Russian) doi: 10.18799/24131830/2025/6/4779.</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref42">
        <label>42</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ASRS Stacker Cranes Are Reducing Warehouse Energy Costs, Swisslog Global. Available at: https://www.swisslog.com/en-us/case-studies-and-resources/blog/blog-post---three-ways-asrs-stacker-cranes-are-reducing-energy-costs (accessed 21 April 2026)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref43">
        <label>43</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Mecalux. AS/RS warehouse: safe loading and full autonomy. Available at: https://www.mecalux.com/blog/asrs-warehouse. (accessed 21 April 2026)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref44">
        <label>44</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Regenerative drives save energy by turning braking energy into electricity | ABB, News. Available at: https://new.abb.com/news/detail/4532/regenerative-drives-save-energy-by-turning-braking-energy-into-electricity. (accessed 21 April 2026)</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref45">
        <label>45</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Nakataev A., Ziuzev A., Mudrov M. Optimization of Computational Complexity of Digital Model of Stacker Crane Electric Drive. 2025 International Ural Conference on Electrical Power Engineering (UralCon). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 699–706. doi: 10.1109/UralCon67204.2025.11206592</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
      <ref id="ref46">
        <label>46</label>
        <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Alasali F., Luque A., Mayer R., Holderbaum W. A Comparative Study of Energy Storage Systems and Active Front Ends for Networks of Two Electrified RTG Cranes. Energies. 2019, vol. 12(9), p. 1771. doi: 10.3390/en12091771</mixed-citation>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>
