﻿<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<article xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" article-type="research-article" dtd-version="1.2" xml:lang="en">
  <front>
    <journal-meta>
      <journal-id journal-id-type="publisher-id">Electrotechnical Systems and Complexes</journal-id>
      <journal-title-group>
        <journal-title xml:lang="en">Electrotechnical Systems and Complexes</journal-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Электротехнические системы и комплексы</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </journal-title-group>
      <issn publication-format="print">2311-8318</issn>
      <issn publication-format="electronic">2658-3151</issn>
      <publisher>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="en">Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University</publisher-name>
        <publisher-name xml:lang="ru-RU">Федеральное государственное бюджетное образовательное учреждение высшего образования «Магнитогорский государственный технический университет им. Г.И. Носова»</publisher-name>
      </publisher>
    </journal-meta>
    <article-meta>
      <article-id pub-id-type="publisher-id">10.18503</article-id>
      <article-id pub-id-type="doi">10.18503/2311-8318-2026-1(70)-11-21</article-id>
      <article-categories>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="en">
          <subject>Theory and Practice of Automated Electric Drive</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="toc-heading" xml:lang="ru">
          <subject>Теория и практика автоматизированного электропривода</subject>
        </subj-group>
        <subj-group subj-group-type="article-type">
          <subject>Research Article</subject>
        </subj-group>
      </article-categories>
      <title-group>
        <article-title xml:lang="en">Calculation of Equivalent Loads for Rolling Mill Stand Motors</article-title>
        <trans-title-group xml:lang="ru">
          <trans-title>Методика расчета эквивалентных нагрузок двигателей клети прокатного стана</trans-title>
        </trans-title-group>
      </title-group>
      <contrib-group>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid"></contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Lisovsky </surname>
              <given-names>Roman A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Лисовский </surname>
              <given-names>Роман Андреевич</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="en">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <bio xml:lang="ru">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <email>johnkoffee.work@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9229-7339</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Voronin </surname>
              <given-names>Stanislav S.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Воронин </surname>
              <given-names>Станислав Сергеевич</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="en">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <bio xml:lang="ru">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <email>s.s.voronin@mospolytech.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-4429</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Radionov </surname>
              <given-names>Andrey A.</given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Радионов </surname>
              <given-names>Андрей Александрович</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="en">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <bio xml:lang="ru">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <email> radionov.mail@gmail.com</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff1" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3914-4429</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Khramshin </surname>
              <given-names>Rifkhat R. </given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Храмшин </surname>
              <given-names> Рифхат Рамазанович</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="en">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <bio xml:lang="ru">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <email>hramshinrr@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2" />
        </contrib>
        <contrib contrib-type="author">
          <contrib-id contrib-id-type="orcid">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0699-6016</contrib-id>
          <name-alternatives>
            <name xml:lang="en">
              <surname>Odintsov </surname>
              <given-names>Konstantin E. </given-names>
            </name>
            <name xml:lang="ru">
              <surname>Одинцов </surname>
              <given-names>Константин Эдуардович</given-names>
            </name>
          </name-alternatives>
          <address>
            <country country="RU">Russian Federation</country>
          </address>
          <bio xml:lang="en">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <bio xml:lang="ru">
            <p></p>
          </bio>
          <email>eltech_mgtu@mail.ru</email>
          <xref ref-type="aff" rid="aff2" />
        </contrib>
      </contrib-group>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff1">
        <aff>
          <institution xml:lang="en">Moscow Polytech</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff>
          <institution xml:lang="ru">Московский политехнический университет</institution>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <aff-alternatives id="aff2">
        <aff>
          <institution xml:lang="en">Nosov Magnitogorsk State Technical University</institution>
        </aff>
        <aff>
          <institution xml:lang="ru">Магнитогорский государственный технический университет им. Г.И. Носова</institution>
        </aff>
      </aff-alternatives>
      <pub-date date-type="pub" iso-8601-date="2026-03-31" publication-format="print">
        <day>31</day>
        <month>03</month>
        <year>2026</year>
      </pub-date>
      <issue>1(70)</issue>
      <issue-title xml:lang="en" />
      <issue-title xml:lang="ru" />
      <fpage>11</fpage>
      <lpage>21</lpage>
      <history>
        <date date-type="received" iso-8601-date="2026-01-27">
          <day>27</day>
          <month>01</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
        <date date-type="accepted" iso-8601-date="2026-03-09">
          <day>09</day>
          <month>03</month>
          <year>2026</year>
        </date>
      </history>
      <permissions>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="en">Copyright ©; Lisovsky R.A., Voronin S.S., Radionov A.A., Khramshin R.R., Odintsov K.E., 2026</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-statement xml:lang="ru">Copyright ©; Лисовский Р.А., Воронин С.С., Радионов А.А., Храмшин Р.Р., Одинцов К.Э., 2026</copyright-statement>
        <copyright-year>2026</copyright-year>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="en">Lisovsky R.A., Voronin S.S., Radionov A.A., Khramshin R.R., Odintsov K.E. </copyright-holder>
        <copyright-holder xml:lang="ru">Лисовский Р.А., Воронин С.С., Радионов А.А., Храмшин Р.Р., Одинцов К.Э.</copyright-holder>
        <ali:free_to_read xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/" />
        <license>
          <ali:license_ref xmlns:ali="http://www.niso.org/schemas/ali/1.0/">https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0</ali:license_ref>
        </license>
      </permissions>
      <self-uri xlink:href="https://jdigitaldiagnostics.com/DD/article/view/51043">https://esik.magtu.ru/ru/arkhiv/vse-nomera/101-1-70-mart-2026-g/954-11.html</self-uri>
      <abstract xml:lang="en">
        <p>When expanding the product range of plate rolling mills through the sheet production from hard-to-deform steel grades, challenges arise in verifying the thermal state of the stand motors and assessing the limitations imposed by the electric drive on the technological process. Based on a conducted literature review, it is shown that in the methods known from electric drive theory, the equivalent load calculation (torque and current equivalenting) is performed using simplified tachograms and load diagrams constructed for the heaviest pass, which is not always possible to determine. Furthermore, the difference in rolling forces and, consequently, in the main electric drive torques of the upper and lower rolls (UDR and LDR), characteristic of stands with individual roll drives, is not taken into account. The presented paper proves this by analyzing oscillograms obtained from the 5000 plate rolling mill. A characteristic of the previously developed method for equivalenting speeds and torques, based on processing data reconstructed using a coordinate observer, is given. In that method, the final assessment of the motor thermal state is carried out during rolling, which can lead to the violation of the motor thermal conditions, if reductions are set incorrectly. In this regard, the methodology for calculating equivalent parameters is substantiated and can be applied at the stage of virtual development of tachograms before their implementation at the mill. Load conditions are relatively simply calculated using empirical dependencies that take into account the static torque or current, as well as the duration and rates of acceleration and deceleration under load. A comparison was made of the equivalent torque obtained over 9 finishing rolling passes by processing experimental data with an observer (according to the previously developed method) and by calculating them using analytical dependencies. Satisfactory convergence of the results was confirmed. Recommendations for the implementation of the new methodology in existing rolling mills are given. Its advantage is high efficiency with minimal risks of motor overheating.

</p>
      </abstract>
      <trans-abstract xml:lang="ru">
        <p>При расширении сортамента проката толстолистовых станов за счет производства листов из труднодеформируемых марок стали возникают задачи проверки теплового состояния двигателей клети и оценки ограничений, накладываемых электроприводом на технологический процесс. На основании проведенного литературного обзора показано, что в методиках, известных из теории электропривода, расчет эквивалентных нагрузок (эквивалентирование моментов и токов) выполняется по упрощенным тахограммам и нагрузочным диаграммам, построенным для наиболее «тяжелого» прохода, который не всегда удается определить. К тому же не учитывается различие усилий прокатки и, соответственно, моментов двигателей главных электроприводов верхнего и нижнего валков (ВГП и НГП), характерное для клетей с индивидуальным электроприводом валков. В представленной статье это доказывается путем анализа осциллограмм, полученных на толстолистовом стане 5000. Дана характеристика ранее разработанной методики эквивалентирования скоростей и моментов, основанной на обработке данных, восстановленных с помощью наблюдателя координат. В ней окончательная оценка теплового состояния двигателей осуществляется во время прокатки, что при некорректном задании обжатий может привести к нарушению тепловых режимов двигателей. В этой связи обоснована методика расчета эквивалентных параметров, применимая на стадии виртуальной разработки тахограмм до их внедрения на стане. Нагрузочные режимы относительно просто рассчитываются по эмпирическим зависимостям, учитывающим статический момент либо ток, а также продолжительность и темпы ускорения и замедления под нагрузкой. Выполнено сравнение эквивалентного момента, полученного за 9 проходов чистовой прокатки путем обработки экспериментальных данных наблюдателем (по ранее разработанной методике) и путем их расчета по аналитическим зависимостям. Подтверждена удовлетворительная сходимость результатов. Даны рекомендации по внедрению новой методики на действующих прокатных станах. Ее преимуществом является высокая эффективность при минимальных рисках перегрева двигателей.

</p>
      </trans-abstract>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="en">
        <kwd>individual electric drive</kwd>
        <kwd>rolling mill stand</kwd>
        <kwd>plate rolling mill</kwd>
        <kwd>motor</kwd>
        <kwd>load</kwd>
        <kwd>equivalenting</kwd>
        <kwd>developmentmethodology</kwd>
        <kwd>empirical dependencies</kwd>
        <kwd>results</kwd>
        <kwd>analysis</kwd>
        <kwd>recommendations</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <kwd-group xml:lang="ru">
        <kwd>индивидуальный электропривод</kwd>
        <kwd> прокатная клеть</kwd>
        <kwd>толстолистовой прокатный стан</kwd>
        <kwd>двигатель</kwd>
        <kwd>нагрузка</kwd>
        <kwd>эквивалентирование</kwd>
        <kwd>методика</kwd>
        <kwd>эмпирические зависимости</kwd>
        <kwd>результаты</kwd>
        <kwd>анализ</kwd>
        <kwd>рекомендации</kwd>
      </kwd-group>
      <funding-group />
    </article-meta>
  </front>
  <body />
  <back>
    <ref-list>
      <ref id="B1">
        <label>1.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Philipp M., Schwenzfeier W., Fischer F.D., Wodlinger R., Fischer C. Front end bending in plate rolling influenced by circumferential speed mismatch and geometry. Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007, no. 184, рp. 224-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.027</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Front end bending in plate rolling influenced by circumferential speed mismatch and geometry / M. Philipp, W. Schwenzfeier, F.D. Fischer, R. Wodlinger, C. Fischer // Journal of Materials Processing Technology. 2007. No. 184. Рp. 224-232. doi: 10.1016/j.jmatprotec.2006.11.027</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B2">
        <label>2.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en"> Lee K., Han J., Park J., Kim B., Ko D. Prediction and control of front-end curvature in hot finish rolling process. Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2015, vol. 7(11), pp. 1-10. doi: 10.1177/1687814015615043</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Prediction and control of front-end curvature in hot finish rolling process / K. Lee, J. Han, J. Park, B. Kim, D. Ko // Advances in Mechanical Engineering. 2015. Vol. 7(11). Pp. 1-10. doi: 10.1177/1687814015615043</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B3">
        <label>3.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karandaev A.S., Zinchenko M.A., Semitko A.Y., Evdokimov S.A., Petukhova O.I. Technological Causes of Vertical Workpiece Asymmetry in Plate Rolling Mills. Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE). Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Cham.2023. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-14125-6_74</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Technological Causes of Vertical Workpiece Asymmetry in Plate Rolling Mills / A.S. Karandaev, M.A. Zinchenko, A.Y. Semitko, S.A. Evdokimov, O.I. Petukhova // Proceedings of the 8th International Conference on Industrial Engineering (ICIE). Lecture Notes in Mechanical Engineering. Springer, Cham. 2023. doi: 10.1007/978-3-031-14125-6_74</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B4">
        <label>4.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loginov B.M., Voronin S.S., Lisovskiy R.A., Khramshin V.R., Radionova L.V. Motor Temperature Observer for Four-Mass Thermal Model Based Rolling Mills Sensors. 2025, no. 25(14), 4458. doi: 10.3390/s25144458</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Motor Temperature Observer for Four-Mass Thermal Model Based Rolling Mills / B.M. Loginov, S.S. Voronin, R.A. Lisovskiy, V.R. Khramshin, L.V. Radionova // Sensors. 2025. No. 25(14). 4458. doi: 10.3390/s25144458</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B5">
        <label>5.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gasiyarov V.R., Loginov B.M., Zinchenko M.A., Semitko A.Yu. Improving the Load Balancing System of the Rolling Mill Stand Drives. International Russian Automation Conference (RusAutoCon). IEEE, 2021. Рp. 1067-1073. doi: 10.1109/RusAutoCon52004.2021.9537462</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Improving the Load Balancing System of the Rolling Mill Stand Drives / V.R. Gasiyarov, B.M. Loginov, M. A. Zinchenko, A.Yu. Semitko // International Russian Automation Conference (RusAutoCon). IEEE, 2021. Рp. 1067-1073. doi: 10.1109/RusAutoCon52004.2021.9537462</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B6">
        <label>6.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">ronin S.S., Radionov A.A., Karandaev A.S., Erdakov I.N., Loginov B.M., Khramshin V.R. Justifying and Implementing Concept of Object-Oriented Observers of Thermal State of Rolling Mill Motors. Energies. 2024, 17(16), 3878. doi: 10.3390/en17163878</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Justifying and Implementing Concept of Object-Oriented Observers of Thermal State of Rolling Mill Motors / S.S. Voronin, A.A. Radionov, A.S. Karandaev, I.N. Erdakov, B.M. Loginov, V.R. Khramshin // Energies. 2024. 17(16). 3878. doi: 10.3390/en17163878</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B7">
        <label>7.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Chilikin M.G., Sandler A.S. Obshchiy kurs elektroprivoda [General Course of Electric Drive]. Moscow, Energoizdat Publ., 1981. 576 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Чиликин М.Г., Сандлер А.С. Общий курс электропривода. М.: Энергоиздат, 1981. 576 с.</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B8">
        <label>8.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Loginov B.M., Lisovsky R.A., Khramshin R.R. Observer of Equivalent Loads in Electrical Motors of the Stand of Plate Rolling Mills. International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 1090-1095. doi: 10.1109/ICIEAM65163. 2025.11028282</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Loginov B.M., Lisovsky R.A., Khramshin R.R. Observer of Equivalent Loads in Electrical Motors of the Stand of Plate Rolling Mills // International Conference on Industrial Engineering, Applications and Manufacturing (ICIEAM). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 1090-1095. doi: 10.1109/ICIEAM65163.2025.11028282</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B9">
        <label>9.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gasiyarov V.R., Bovshik P.A., Loginov B.M., Karandaev A.S., Khramshin V.R., Radionov A.A. Substantiating and Implementing Concept of Digital Twins for Virtual Commissioning of Industrial Mechatronic Complexes Exemplified by Rolling Mill Coilers. Machines. 2023, no. 11(2), 276. doi: 10.3390/machines11020276</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"> Substantiating and Implementing Concept of Digital Twins for Virtual Commissioning of Industrial Mechatronic Complexes Exemplified by Rolling Mill Coilers / V.R. Gasiyarov, P.A. Bovshik, B.M. Loginov, A.S. Karandaev, V.R. Khramshin, A.A. Radionov // Machines. 2023. No. 11(2). 276. doi: 10.3390/machines11020276</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B10">
        <label>10.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Gasiyarov V.R., Radionov A.A., Loginov B.M., Karandaev A.S., Gasiyarova O.A., Khramshin V.R. Development and Practical Implementation of Digital Observer for Elastic Torque of Rolling Mill Electromechanical System. J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2023, no. 7(1), 41. doi: 10.3390/jmmp7010041</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Development and Practical Implementation of Digital Observer for Elastic Torque of Rolling Mill Electromechanical System / V.R. Gasiyarov, A.A. Radionov, B.M. Loginov, A.S. Karandaev, O.A. Gasiyarova, V.R. Khramshin // J. Manuf. Mater. Process. 2023. No. 7(1). 41. doi: 10.3390/jmmp7010041</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B11">
        <label>11.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Golovin V.V., Karandaev A.S., Khramshin V.R. Energy-Saving Thyristor Electric Drives with Automatic Change of Controlled Variable in Excitation Circuit. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Elektromekhanika [Bulletin of Higher Educational Institutions. Electromechanics], 2006, no. 4, pp. 35-39. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головин В.В., Карандаев А.С., Храмшин В.Р. Энергосберегающие тиристорные электроприводы с автоматическим изменением координаты, регулируемой по цепи возбуждения // Изв. вузов. Электромеханика. 2006. № 4. С. 35-39.</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B12">
        <label>12.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Karandaev A.S., Khramshin V.R., Galkin V.V., Lukin A.A. Mathematical Modeling of a Thyristor Electric Drive with a Switching Structure. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Elektromekhanika [Bulletin of Higher Educational Institutions. Electromechanics], 2010, no. 3, pp. 47-53. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Математическое моделирование тиристорного электропривода с переключающейся структурой / А.С. Карандаев, В.Р. Храмшин, В.В. Галкин, А.А. Лукин // Изв. вузов. Электромеханика. 2010. № 3. С. 47-53.</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B13">
        <label>13.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en"> Golovin V.V., Karandaev A.S., Khramshin V.R. Efficiency Evaluation of Using a Thyristor Electric Drive with Automatic Change of Controlled Variable in the Excitation Circuit. Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii. Elektromekhanika [Bulletin of Higher Educational Institutions. Electromechanics], 2006, no. 4, pp. 40-45. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Головин В.В., Карандаев А.С., Храмшин В.Р. Оценка эффективности применения тиристорного электропривода с автоматическим изменением координаты, регулируемой по цепи возбуждения // Изв. вузов. Электромеханика. 2006. № 4. С. 40-45.</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B14">
        <label>14.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Buryanov V.F., Rokotyan E.S., Gurevich A.E. Raschet moshchnosti dvigateley glavnykh privodov prokatnykh stanov [Calculation of Motor Power for Main Drives of Rolling Mills]. Moscow, Nauka Publ., 1962. 355 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Бурьянов В.Ф., Рокотян Е.С., Гуревич А.Е. Расчет мощности двигателей главных приводов прокатных станов. М.: Наука, 1962. 355 с.</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B15">
        <label>15.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Baskov S.N., Karandaev A.S., Osipov O.I. Energy-Power Parameters of Drives and System for Profile Rolling of Slabs at 2800Mill. Privodnaya Tekhnika [Drive Technology], 1999, no. 1–2, pp. 21-24. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Басков С.Н., Карандаев А.С., Осипов О.И. Энергосиловые параметры приводов и система профилированной прокатки слябов стана 2800 // Приводная техника. 1999. № 1-2. С. 21-24.</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B16">
        <label>16.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Oganyan V.P. Algorithm for Computer Calculation of Rolling Motors Load at Continuous Sheet Mills. Elektrichestvo [Elektrichestvo], 1971, no. 9, pp. 56–60. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Оганьян В.П. Алгоритм расчета на ЦВМ загрузки прокатных двигателей непрерывных листовых станов // Электричество. 1971. № 9. С. 56-60.</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B17">
        <label>17.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Klyuchev V.I. Teoriya elektroprivoda [Theory of Electric Drive]. Moscow, Energoatomizdat Publ., 1998. 704 p. (In Russian)</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru"> Ключев В.И. Теория электропривода. М.: Энергоатомиздат, 1998. 704 с.</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
      <ref id="B18">
        <label>18.</label>
        <citation-alternatives>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="en">Lisovsky R.A., Odintsov K.E. Equivalent Load Calculation Method for Rolling Mill Motors Based on Empirical Dependencies. International Ural Conference on Electrical Power Engineering (UralCon). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 829-833. doi: 10.1109/UralCon67204.2025.11206645</mixed-citation>
          <mixed-citation xml:lang="ru">Lisovsky R.A., Odintsov K.E. Equivalent Load Calculation Method for Rolling Mill Motors Based on Empirical Dependencies // International Ural Conference on Electrical Power Engineering (UralCon). IEEE, 2025. Pp. 829-833. doi: 10.1109/UralCon67204.2025.11206645</mixed-citation>
        </citation-alternatives>
      </ref>
    </ref-list>
  </back>
</article>